Semantic Web Technologies – Intelligence systems in WWW –

History The University Museum, University of Pennsylvania.

Center for the History of Electrical Engineering.

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE).

IEEE Computer Society.

– The World Wide Web (Web) is a network of information resources.

–  KEYWORDS :

–   Tim Berners-Lee :

the inventor of the World Wide Web

–   CERN (Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire) :

the organisation that he worked for that provided the requirements and need   ( March 2009: 20 years of the web)

–   Internet (Interconnected Networks) :

the infrastructure required early on by the Web

–   SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language) :

the basis for document markup on the Web

–   Hypertext :

the underlying linking structure for the Web

–   World Wide Web Consortium  (www) :

the organisation whose members develop the specifications used on the Web    (March 2009: 20 years of the web)

–  Early Web Evolution :

how the Web developed in its formative years

By:

–  Tim Berners-Lee

–  James Hendler

–  Ora Lassila

–  NOTE :

A new form of Web content that is meaningful to computers will unleash a revolution of new possibilities.

•  The Semantic Web will enable machines to COMPREHEND semantic documents and data, not human speech and writings.

•  Properly designed, the Semantic Web can assist the evolution of human knowledge as a whole.

–  AUTORS:

•   Tim Berners-Lee    W3C Director and inventor of the World Wide Web.

•   Professor James A. Hendler ,   Department of Computer Science ,   Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

•  Ora Lassila   – HOME  –   Finnish computer scientist,   Nokia Research Center, in  Cambridge, Massachusetts,

By:

–  Jacco van Ossenbruggen,

–  Lynda Hardman

–  Lloyd Rutledge

–  ABSTRACT :

Until recently, the Semantic Web was little more than a name for the next-generation Web infrastructure
as envisioned by its inventor, Tim Berners-Lee.

With the introduction of XML and RDF, and new developments such as RDF Schema and DAML+OIL,
the Semantic Web is rapidly taking shape.

This paper gives an overview of the state-of-the-art in Semantic Webtechnology,
the key relationships with traditional hypermedia research,
and a comprehensive reference list to various sets of literature (hypertext, Web and Semantic Web).

A research agenda describes the open research issues in the development of the Semantic Web from the perspective of hypermedia research.

–  AUTORS:

•  Dr. Jacco van Ossenbruggen,   Centrum voor Wiskunde en Informatica (CWI)  –   INS2    (Interactive Information Access).

•  Professor Lynda Hardman ,   HOME ,  Centrum voor Wiskunde en Informatica  (CWI)   –  INS2    (Interactive Information Access).

•   Lloyd Rutledge  – Assistant Professor at the Open Universiteit Nederland.

–  NOTE :

Most of the content of today's world wide web is designed for humans to read, not computers to manipulate.
Alan Gilchrist explores the principles of classification and indexing

that underlie the concept of the 'semantic web',

which might one day lead to much more accurate and targeted automatic searching and retrieval than is possible at present.

–  KEYWORDS :

• librarians   • taxonomists   • thesauri  • probabilistic indexing  • occurrence/co-occurrence   • vector space modelling.

–  AUTOR:

•  Alan Gilchrist  Biographical Sketch

–  THESAURUS :

A ‘treasury’ or ‘storehouse’ of knowledge, as a dictionary, encyclopaedia or the like.
A collection of concepts or words arranged according to sense; also a dictionary of synonyms and antonyms.

–  TAXONOMY :

Classification, esp. in relation to its general laws or principles;
that department of science, or of a particular science or subject, which consists in or relates to classification;
especially the systemic classification of living organisms.

–   ONTOLOGY :

The science or study of being;
that department of metaphysics which relates to the being or essence of things, or to being in the abstract.

–  ABSTRACT :

The amount of work to be done in rendering the digital information space more efficient and effective has attracted a wide range of disciplines which, in turn, has given rise to a degree of confusion in the terminology applied to information problems.

This note seeks to shed some light on the three terms thesauri, taxonomies and ontologies as they are currently being used by, among others, information scientists, AI practitioners, and those working on the foundations of the semantic Web.

The paper is not a review of the techniques themselves.

–  KEYWORDS :

•  Data   • Internet  • Management.

–  AUTOR:

•  Alan Gilchrist   Biographical Sketch

By:

–  Stefan Decker and Sergey Melnik - Stanford University

–  Ian Horrocks - University of Manchester

–  Frank Van Harmelen, Dieter Fensel and Michel Klein - Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam

–  Jeen Broekstra, - AIdministrator Nederland B.V.

–  Michael Erdmann - University of Karlsruhe

–  ABSTRACT :

The next generation of the Web is often characterized as the Semantic Web:

information will no longer only be intended for human readers, but also for processing by machines, enabling intelligent information services, personalized Web-sites,
and semantically empowered search-engines.

The Semantic Web requires interoperability on the semantic level.

Semantic interoperability requires standards not only for the syntactic form of documents, but also for the semantic content.

Proposals aiming at semantic interoperability are the results of recent W3C standardization efforts, notably XML/XML Schema and RDF/RDF Schema. In this paper, we make the following claims:

•  A further representation and inference layer is needed on top of the currently available layers of the WWW.

•  To establish such a layer, we propose a general method for encoding arbitrary ontology representation languages into RDF/RDF Schema.

•  We illustrate the extension method by applying it to a particular ontology representation and inference language (OIL).

–  AUTORS:

•  Professor   Stefan Decker   – Stanford University, Stanford, USA – 

Actually: HOME    – e-mail: <Stefan.Decker@DERI.org>

•  Sergey Melnik;    – Stanford University, Stanford, USA – 

Actually:  current home page  – e-mail: <melnik@google.com>

•  Professor Ian Horrocks ,   – University of Manchester, UK – 

Actually:   Oxford University Computing Laboratory,    – e-mail:  <ian.horrocks@comlab.ox.ac.uk>

•   Frank van Harmelen

is a Dutch Computer Scientist and Professor in Knowledge Representation & Reasoning in the AI department
at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam,    – e-mail: <Frank.van.Harmelen@cs.vu.nl>

•   Michel Klein

Assistent professor in the AI department at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam,    – e-mail: <michel.klein@cs.vu.nl>

•  Dieter Fensel ,   Division of Mathematics & Computer Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam,  Addresses: www.sti2.org   www.sti-innsbruck.at

•   Jeen Broekstra

AIdministrator Nederland b.v., Amersfoort, The Netherlands,    –  e-mail: <jeen.broekstra@aidministrator.nl>

•  Dr. Michael Erdmann;    Institut AIFB, University of Karlsruhe

By:

– Sergey Melnik    Database Group,    Stanford University  450 Serra Mall, Stanford, California

– Stefan Decker    Database Group,    Stanford University  450 Serra Mall, Stanford, California

–  ABSTRACT :

On the Semantic Web, the target audience is the machines rather than humans.

To satisfy the demands of this audience, information needs to be available in machine-processable form rather than as unstructured text. A variety of information models like RDF or UML are available to fulfil this purpose, varying greatly in their capabilities.

The advent of XML leveraged a promising consensus on the encoding syntax for machine-processable information.
However, interoperating between different information models on a syntactic level proved to be a laborious task.

In this paper, we suggest a layered approach to interoperability of information models that borrows from layered software structuring techniques used in today's internetworking.

We identify the object layer that fills the gap between the syntax and semantic layers and examine it in detail.
We suggest the key features of the object layer like identity and binary relationships, basic typing, reification, ordering, and n-ary relationships.
Finally, we examine design issues and implementation alternatives involved in building theobject layer.

–  KEYWORDS :

• layered data modeling   • interoperability   • object layer.

–  AUTORS:

•  Sergey Melnik;    Biographical Sketch  <melnik@google.com>

Sergey Melnik is finishing a Ph.D. in Computer Science at Leipzig University, Germany under supervision of Prof. Erhard Rahm and Dr. Philip A. Bernstein (Microsoft Research, Redmond). He serves as an invited expert in the RDF Core Working Group at the World-Wide Web Consortium and is a recipient of a best student paper award (ICDE'02).
He spent three years (1999-2002) as a visiting researcher in the Stanford Database Group where he worked with Prof. Hector Garcia-Molina and Prof. Emeritus Gio Wiederhold on a variety of topics including metadata management, database optimization, information retrieval, and Semantic Web.

Sergey Melnik  current home page

•  Professor Stefan Decker   HOME    – EMAIL:  <Stefan.Decker@DERI.org>
Dr. rer-pol.  – Dipl.-Inform. –  CEng FIEI
Director – Digital Enterprise Research Institute
National University of Ireland, Galway

Jeen Broekstra, Michel Klein, Stefan Decker, Dieter Fensel, Ian Horrocks

Sep 4, 2000.

–  ABSTRACT :

RDF Schema provides means to define vocabulary, structure and constraints for expressing metadata about Web resources.

However, formal semantics for the primitives defined in RDF Schema are not provided, and the expressivity of these primitives is not enough for full-fledged ontological modeling and reasoning.

To perform these tasks, an additional layer on top of RDF Schema is needed.

In this paper, we will show how RDF Schema can be extended in such a way that a full knowledge representation language can be expressed in it, thus enriching it with the required additional expressivity and the semantics of this language.

We do this by describing the ontology language OIL as an extension of RDF Schema.

First, we give a short introduction to both RDF Schema and OIL.

We then proceed to define a Schema to express OIL ontologies in RDF, where the aim is to use existing RDF terminology where possible, and extending RDF(S) where necessary.

The result is an RDF Schema definition of OIL primitives, which allows one to express any OIL ontology in RDF syntax, thus enabling the added benefits of OIL, such as reasoning support and formal semantics, to be used on the Web.

We conclude that our method of extending is equally applicable to other knowledge representation formalisms.

We conclude that our method of extending is equally applicable to other knowledge representation formalisms.

–  AUTORS:

•   Jeen Broekstra

AIdministrator Nederland b.v., Amersfoort, The Netherlands, e-mail:   <jeen.broekstra@aidministrator.nl>

•  Michel Klein

Assistent professor in the AI department of the Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam.  e-mail: <michel.klein@cs.vu.nl>

•  Professor  Stefan Decker    – Stanford University, Stanford, USA – 

Actually:   HOME    – e-mail:   <Stefan.Decker@DERI.org>

Dr. rer-pol.  – Dipl.-Inform. –  CEng FIEI

Director –  Digital Enterprise Research Institute

National University of Ireland, Galway

•  Dieter Fensel ,   Division of Mathematics & Computer Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , Addresses: www.sti2.org   www.sti-innsbruck.at

•  Professor Ian Horrocks ,  University of Manchester, UK,

Actually:   Oxford University Computing Laboratory    – e-mail:   <ian.horrocks@comlab.ox.ac.uk>

IST Semantic Web Technologies Workshop, Luxembourg, 22nd & 23rd November 2000

By:

– Rudi Studer;     Institute AIFB, University of Karlsruhe   <studer@aifb.uni-karlsruhe.de>

– Contributions of:  •   Dr. Michael Erdmann;    •   Dr. Alexander Maedche;   •   Prof.Dr. Steffen Staab

By:

– Dr. Alexander Maedche

– Prof. Dr. Steffen Staab.

–  ABSTRACT :

The Semantic Web relies heavily on the formal ontologies that structure underlying data for the purpose of comprehensive and transportable machine understanding.

Therefore, the success of the Semantic Web depends strongly on the proliferation of ontologies, which requires fast and easy engineering of ontologies and avoidance of a knowledge acquisition bottleneck.

Ontology Learning greatly facilitates the construction of ontologies by the ontology engineer.

The vision of ontology learning that we propose here includes a number of complementary disciplines that feed on different types of unstructured, semi-structured and fully structured data in order to support a semi-automatic, cooperative ontology engineering process.

Our ontology learning framework proceeds through ontology import, extraction, pruning, refinement,
and evaluation giving the ontology engineer a wealth of coordinated tools for ontology modeling.

Besides of the general framework and architecture, we show in this paper some exemplary techniques in the ontology learning cycle that we have implemented in our ontology learning environment, Text-To-Onto, such as ontology learning from free text, from dictionaries, or from legacy ontologies, and refer to some others that need to complement the complete architecture, such as reverse engineering of ontologies from database schemata or learning from XML documents.

–  AUTORS:

•  Dr. Alexander Maedche ;     Institute AIFB, University of Karlsruhe;    Ontoprise GmbH,  Karlsruhe,  Germany

•  Prof.Dr. Steffen Staab ;        Institute AIFB, University of Karlsruhe;    Ontoprise GmbH,   Karlsruhe,  Germany

By:

– Dieter Fensel and Frank van Harmelen, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam

– Ian Horrocks, University of Manchester, UK

– Deborah L. McGuinness, Stanford University

– Peter F. Patel-Schneider, Bell Laboratories

–  NOTES :

Researchers in artificial intelligence first developed ontologies to facilitate knowledge sharing and reuse.

Since the beginning of the 1990s, ontologies have become a popular research topic, and several AI research communities

– including knowledge engineering, natural language processing, and knowledge representation –

Ontologies play a major role in supporting information exchange across various networks.

A prerequisite for such a role is the development of a joint standard for specifying and exchanging ontologies.

The authors present OIL, a proposal for such a standard.

–  AUTORS:

•  Dieter Fensel ,   Division of Mathematics & Computer Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , Addresses: www.sti2.org   www.sti-innsbruck.at

•  Frank van Harmelen

is a Dutch Computer Scientist and Professor in Knowledge Representation & Reasoning in the AI department
at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam,    – e-mail: <Frank.van.Harmelen@cs.vu.nl>

•  Professor Ian Horrocks ,  University of Manchester, UK

Actually:   Oxford University Computing Laboratory     – e-mail:   <ian.horrocks@comlab.ox.ac.uk>

•   Deborah L. McGuinness
Associate Director and Senior Research Scientist,
Stanford Computer Science.   Knowledge Systems Laboratory , Gates Building 2A,
Stanford University . 450 Serra Mall, Stanford, California 94305. USA.    e-mail: <dlm@ksl.stanford.edu>

•  Peter F. Patel-Schneider

Computing and Software Principles Research Department,   Bell Labs Research,     – e-mail:   <pfps@research.bell-labs.com>

The First International Workshop on MultiMedia Annotation, Tokyo, Japan. January 2001.

Institute AIFB, University of Karlsruhe, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany 2001

By:

– Prof. Dr. Steffen Staab, Institut für Angewandte Informatik und Formale Beschreibungsverfahren - AIFB

– Dr. Alexander Maedche, Institut für Angewandte Informatik und Formale Beschreibungsverfahren - AIFB

– Dr. Siegfried Handschuh, Institut für Angewandte Informatik und Formale Beschreibungsverfahren - AIFB

–  ABSTRACT :

Creating metadata by annotating documents is one of the major techniques for putting machine understandable data on the Web.

Though there exist many tools for annotating web pages, few of them fully support the creation of semanti-cally interlinked metadata, such as necessary for a truely Semantic Web.

In this paper, we present an ontology-based annotation environment, On-toAnnotate, which offers comprehensive support for the creation of semantically interlinked meta-data by human annotators.

–  AUTORS:

•  Prof.Dr. Steffen Staab ;        Institute AIFB, University of Karlsruhe;    76128 Karlsruhe, Germany

•  Dr. Alexander Maedche ;     Institute AIFB, University of Karlsruhe;      76128 Karlsruhe,  Germany

•  Dr. Siegfried Handschuh ;   Institute AIFB, University of Karlsruhe;      76128 Karlsruhe,  Germany

By:

– John Niekrasz, Stanford University

– Alexander Gruenstein, MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology

–  ABSTRACT :

We present NOMOS, an open-source software framework for annotation, processing, and analysis of multimodal corpora.

NOMOS is designed for use by annotators, corpus developers, and corpus consumers, emphasizing configurability for a variety of specific annotation tasks.

Its features include synchronized multi-channel audio and video playback, compatibility with several corpora, platform independence, and mixed display of capabilities and a well-defined method for layering datasets.

Second, we describe how the system is used.
For corpus development and annotation we present a typical use scenario involving the creation of a schema and specialization of the user interface.

For processing and analysis we describe the GUI- and Java-based methods available, including a GUI for query construction and execution, and an automatically generated schema-conforming Java API for processing of annotations.

Additionally, we present some specific annotation and research tasks for which NOMOS has been specialized and used, annotation and research tasks for which NOMOS has been specialized and used, including topic segmentation and decision-point annotation of meetings.

–  KEYWORDS :

• Annotation,   • Multimodal Corpora,   • Semantic Web.

–  AUTORS:

•  John Niekrasz Stanford University

Actually:   Research Fellow / PhD Student Human Communication Research Centre School of Informatics, The University of Edinburgh.
e-mail:  <john.niekrasz@gmail.com>

•  Alexander H. Gruenstein

HOME;   Spoken Language Systems Group;   Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory;
Massachusetts Institute of Technology

By:

– Professor James Hendler, Co-Director, Maryland Information and Network Dynamics Laboratory

–  NOTE :

Artificial Intelligence researchers have studied such systems since long before the web was developed.
Knowledge representation, as this technology is often called, is currently in a state comparable to that of hypertext before the advent of the web:
it is clearly a good idea, and some very nice demonstrations exist, but it has not yet changed the world.

It contains the seeds of important applications, but to unleash its full power
it must be linked into a single global system.

Tim Berners-Lee, inventor of the WWW, 2001.

–  KEYWORDS :

• Semantic Web,   • Knowledge Representation and Reasoning,   • Ontology.

–  AUTOR:

•   Professor James A. Hendler ,   Department of Computer Science ,   University of Maryland.

Actually:   Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Institute for Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB),

University of Karlsruhe, 76227 Karlsruhe, Germany

Ontoprise GmbH, Hermann-Loens-Weg 19, 76275 Ettlingen, Germany

By:

– Steffen Staab,  Juergen Angele,  Stefan Decker,  Michael Erdmann,  Andreas Hotho,  Alexander Maedche,  Hans-Peter Schnurr,  Rudi Studer,  York Sure

–  ABSTRACT :

Community web portals serve as portals for the information needs of particular communities on the web.

We here discuss how a comprehensive and flexible strategy for building and maintaining a high-value community web portal has been conceived and implemented.

The strategy includes collaborative information provisioning by the community members.

It is based on an ontology as a semantic backbone for accessing information on the portal, for contributing information, as well as for developing and maintaining the portal.

We have also implemented a set of ontology-based tools that have facilitated the construction of our show case - the community web portal of the knowledge acquisition community.

–  KEYWORDS :

• Web Portal;   • Collaboration;   • Ontology;   • Web Site Management;  • Information Integration

–  AUTORS:

•   Steffen Staab ;        Institute AIFB, University of Karlsruhe;        Ontoprise GmbH    Germany

•  Juergen Angele ;       Ontoprise GmbH    Germany

•  Stefan Decker ;        Institute AIFB, University of Karlsruhe;       Ontoprise GmbH    Germany

Actually:  HOME    – e-mail:  <Stefan.Decker@DERI.org>

Dr. rer-pol.  – Dipl.-Inform. –  CEng FIEI

Director –  Digital Enterprise Research Institute

National University of Ireland, Galway

•  Dr. Michael Erdmann;    Institut AIFB, University of Karlsruhe;    Germany

•  Andreas Hotho ;     Institute AIFB, University of Karlsruhe;   Germany

•  Dr. Alexander Maedche ;     Institute AIFB, University of Karlsruhe;    Germany

•  Hans-Peter Schnurr ;   Institute AIFB, University of Karlsruhe;        Ontoprise GmbH;    Germany

•  Rudi Studer;     Institute AIFB, University of Karlsruhe;        Ontoprise GmbH    Germany

•  York Sure;   Institute AIFB, University of Karlsruhe;    Germany

By:

– Jeff Heflin,   James Hendler, University of Maryland.

–  NOTE :

XML will have a profound impact on the way data is exchanged on the Internet.

An important feature of this language is the separation of content from presentation,
which makes it easier to select and/or reformat the data.

However, due to the likelihood of numerous industry and domain specific DTDs,
those who wish to integrate information will still be faced with the problem of semantic interoperability.

In this paper we discuss why this problem is not solved by XML,
and then discuss why the Resource Description Framework is only a partial solution.

We then present the SHOE language, which we feel has many of the features necessary to enable a semantic web, and describe an existing set of tools that make it easy to use the language.

–  KEYWORDS :

• XML and DTDs,   • RDF and RDF Schema,   • SHOE.

–  AUTORS:

•  Jeff Heflin ,   Department of Computer Science,  University of Maryland,   College Park MD 20742 USA

Actually:   Associate Professor,   Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering,   Lehigh University   <heflin@cse.lehigh.edu>

•  Professor James A. Hendler ,   Department of Computer Science ,   University of Maryland. ,  College Park MD 20742 USA

Actually:   Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute